nonlocal pde - User contributions [en]

Dirichlet form

2011-05-25T22:28:00Z

128.135.72.62:

$$
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
$$

A Dirichlet form refers to a quadratic functional defined by an integral of the form
\[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (u(y)-u(x))^2 k(x,y)\, \dd x \dd y, \]
for some nonnegative kernel $K$.

If the kernel $K$ satisfies the bound $K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |x-y|^{-n-s}$, then the quadratic form is bounded in $\dot H^{s/2}$. If moreover, $\lambda |x-y|^{-n-s} \leq K(x,y)$, then the form is comparable to the norm in $\dot H^{s/2}$ squared.

Dirichlet forms are natural generalizations to fractional order of the Dirichlet integrals
\[ \int a_{ij}(x) \partial_i u \partial_j u \dd x, \]
where $a_{ij}$ is elliptic.

The Euler-Lagrange equation of a Dirichlet form is a fractional order version of elliptic equations in divergence form. They are studied using variational methods and they are expected to satisfy similar properties <ref name="BBCK"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="CCV"/>.

== References ==
(There should be a lot more references here)
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="CCV">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Chan | first2=Chi Hin | last3=Vasseur | first3=Alexis | title= | doi=10.1090/S0894-0347-2011-00698-X | year=2011 | journal=[[Journal of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0894-0347 | issue=24 | pages=849–869}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCK">{{Citation | last1=Barlow | first1=Martin T. | last2=Bass | first2=Richard F. | last3=Chen | first3=Zhen-Qing | last4=Kassmann | first4=Moritz | title=Non-local Dirichlet forms and symmetric jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | year=2009 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=361 | issue=4 | pages=1963–1999}}</ref>
<ref name="K">{{Citation | last1=Kassmann | first1=Moritz | title=A priori estimates for integro-differential operators with measurable kernels | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | doi=10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | year=2009 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | issn=0944-2669 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–21}}</ref>
}}

Dirichlet form

2011-05-25T22:27:24Z

128.135.72.62:

$$
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
$$

A Dirichlet form refers to a quadratic functional defined by an integral of the form
\[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (u(y)-u(x))^2 k(x,y)\, \dd x \dd y, \]
for some nonnegative kernel $K$.

If the kernel $K$ satisfies the bound $K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |x-y|^{-n-s}$, then the quadratic form is bounded in $\dot H^{s/2}$. If moreover,
$\lambda |x-y|^{-n-s} \leq K(x,y)$, then the form is comparable to the norm in $\dot H^{s/2}$ squared.

Dirichlet forms are natural generalizations to fractional order of the Dirichlet integrals
\[ \int a_{ij}(x) \partial_i u \partial_j u \dd x, \]
where $a_{ij}$ is elliptic.

The Euler-Lagrange equation of a Dirichlet form is a fractional order version of elliptic equations in divergence form. They are studied using variational methods and they are expected to satisfy similar properties <ref name="BBCK"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="CCV"/>.

== References ==
(There should be a lot more references here)
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="CCV">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Chan | first2=Chi Hin | last3=Vasseur | first3=Alexis | title= | doi=10.1090/S0894-0347-2011-00698-X | year=2011 | journal=[[Journal of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0894-0347 | issue=24 | pages=849–869}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCK">{{Citation | last1=Barlow | first1=Martin T. | last2=Bass | first2=Richard F. | last3=Chen | first3=Zhen-Qing | last4=Kassmann | first4=Moritz | title=Non-local Dirichlet forms and symmetric jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | year=2009 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=361 | issue=4 | pages=1963–1999}}</ref>
<ref name="K">{{Citation | last1=Kassmann | first1=Moritz | title=A priori estimates for integro-differential operators with measurable kernels | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | doi=10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | year=2009 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | issn=0944-2669 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–21}}</ref>
}}

To Do List

2011-05-25T22:26:44Z

128.135.72.62:

== Current Projects / To do list ==

We need to come up with some organization for the articles.

The list below can be a starting point to click on links and edit each page. The following are some of the topics that should appear in this wiki.

* Definition of [[viscosity solutions]] for nonlocal equations. Also a discussion on existence using [[Perron method]] and uniqueness through the [[comparison principle]].

* Some discussion on [[Dirichlet form|Dirichlet forms]], and maybe some models from [[nonlocal image processing]].

* Some general regularity results like [[holder estimates]], [[Harnack inequalities]], [[Alexadroff-Bakelman-Pucci estimates]], some reference to [[free boundary problems]].

* Some discussion on [[models]] involving [[Levy processes]] and [[stochastic control]].

* Some references to equations from fluids including the [[surface quasi-geostrophic equations]].

* [[Nonlocal minimal surfaces]].

* Fractional curvatures in conformal geometry.

We may want to include a [[mini second order elliptic wiki]] inside this wiki.

We may want to have a section on [[open problems]], for example integral ABP for general kernels, harnack for kernels with a
less restrictive bound below, C^{1,alpha} estimate in bounded domains with a nonsmooth kernel, supercritical quasi-geostrophic,
classification of nonlocal minimal cones, etc...

We may want to have a list of [[upcoming events]] such as conferences, workshops, summer schools, etc.

Dirichlet form

2011-05-25T22:26:24Z

128.135.72.62: Created page with "$$ \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} $$ A Dirichlet form refers to a quadratic functional defined by an integral of the form \[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (..."

$$
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
$$

A Dirichlet form refers to a quadratic functional defined by an integral of the form
\[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (u(y)-u(x))^2 k(x,y)\, \dd x \dd y, \]
for some nonnegative kernel $K$.

If the kernel $K$ satisfies the bound $K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |x-y|^{-n-s}$, then the quadratic form is bounded in $H^{s/2}$. If moreover,
$\lambda |x-y|^{-n-s} \leq K(x,y)$, then the form is comparable to the norm in $\dot H^{s/2}$ squared.

Dirichlet forms are natural generalizations to fractional order of the Dirichlet integrals
\[ \int a_{ij}(x) \partial_i u \partial_j u \dd x, \]
where $a_{ij}$ is elliptic.

The Euler-Lagrange equation of a Dirichlet form is a fractional order version of elliptic equations in divergence form. They are studied using variational methods and they are expected to satisfy similar properties <ref name="BBCK"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="CCV"/>.

== References ==
(There should be a lot more references here)
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="CCV">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Chan | first2=Chi Hin | last3=Vasseur | first3=Alexis | title= | doi=10.1090/S0894-0347-2011-00698-X | year=2011 | journal=[[Journal of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0894-0347 | issue=24 | pages=849–869}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCK">{{Citation | last1=Barlow | first1=Martin T. | last2=Bass | first2=Richard F. | last3=Chen | first3=Zhen-Qing | last4=Kassmann | first4=Moritz | title=Non-local Dirichlet forms and symmetric jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | year=2009 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=361 | issue=4 | pages=1963–1999}}</ref>
<ref name="K">{{Citation | last1=Kassmann | first1=Moritz | title=A priori estimates for integro-differential operators with measurable kernels | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | doi=10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | year=2009 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | issn=0944-2669 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–21}}</ref>
}}

Harnack inequality

2011-05-25T22:23:48Z

128.135.72.62:

$$
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
$$

The Harnack inequality refers to a control of the maximum of a nonnegative solution of an equation by its minimum. Unlike the [[Harnack inequality (local)|local case]], for nonlocal equations one needs to assume that the function is nonnegative in the full space.

The Harnack inequality is tightly related to [[Holder estimates]]. Whenever one holds, the other is expected to hold as well, either as a direct consequence or by applying the same proof method.

The result can hold either in the parabolic or elliptic setting. The parabolic Harnack inequality trivially implies the elliptic one. The reverse implication is not valid, and the proof in the parabolic case may have some extra difficulties compared to the elliptic case.

== Elliptic case ==

In the elliptic setting, the Harnack inequality refers to the following type of result: if a function $u: \R^n \to \R$ satisfies an elliptic equation $ L_x u (x) = f(x)$ in the unit ball $B_1$ and is nonnegative in the full space $\R^n$, then
\[ \sup_{B_{1/2}} u \leq C \left( \inf_{B_{1/2}} u + ||f|| \right). \]

The norm $||f||$ may depends on the type of equation.

== Parabolic case ==

In the parabolic setting, the Harnack inequality refers to the following type of result: if a function $u: [-1,0] \times \R^n \to \R$ satisfies an elliptic equation $ u_t - L_x u (x) = f(x)$ in the unit cylinder $(-1,0) \times B_1$ and is nonnegative in the full space $[-1,0] \times \R^n$, then
\[ \sup_{[-1/2,-1/4] \times B_{1/2}} u \leq \left(\inf_{[-1/4,0] \times B_{1/2}} u + ||f|| \right). \]

The norm $||f||$ may depend on the type of equation.

== Concrete examples ==

The Harnack inequality as above is known to hold in the following situations.

* '''Generalizad elliptic [[Krylov-Safonov]]'''. If $L_x u(x)$ is a symmetric integro-differential operator of the form
\[ L_x u(x) = \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)-u(x)) K(x,y) \dd y \]
with $K$ symmetric ($K(x,y)=K(x,-y)$) and uniformly elliptic of order $s$: $(2-s)\lambda |y|^{-n-s} \leq K(x,y) \leq (2-s) \Lambda |y|^{-n-s}$.

In this case the elliptic Harnack inequality is known to hold with a constant $C$ which '''does not blow up as $s\to 2$''', and $||f||$ refers to $||f||_{L^\infty(B_1)}$ <ref name="CS"/>. It is a generalization of [[Krylov-Safonov]] theorem. The corresponding parabolic Harnack inequality with a uniform constant $C$ is not known.

* '''Elliptic equations with variable order (but strictly less than 2)'''. If $L_x u(x)$ is an integro-differential operator of the form
\[ L_x u(x) = \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)-u(x)- y \cdot \nabla u(x) \chi_{B_1}(y)) K(x,y) \dd y \]
with uniformly elliptic of variable order: $\lambda |y|^{-n-s_1} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |y|^{-n-s_2}$ and $0<s_1 < s_2 < 2$ and $s_2 - s_1 < 1$, then
the elliptic Harnack inequality holds if $f \equiv 0$<ref name="BK"/>. The constants in this result blow up as $s_2 \to 2$, so it does not generalize [[Krylov-Safonov]] theorem. The proof uses probability and was based on a previous result with fixed order <ref name="BL"/>.

It is conceivable that a purely analytic proof could be done using the method of the corresponding [[Holder estimate]] <ref name="S"/>, but such proof has never been done.

* '''Gradient flows of symmetric Dirichlet forms with variable order'''. If $u_t - L_x u(x)=0$ is the gradient flow of a [[Dirichlet form]]:
\[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (u(y)-u(x))^2 K(x,y)\, \dd x \dd y. \]
for kernels $K$ such that $K(x,y)=K(y,x)$ and $\lambda |x-y|^{-n-s_1} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |x-y|^{-n-s_2}$ for some $0<s_1<s_2<2$ and $|x-y|$ sufficiently small. Then the parabolic Harnack inequality holds if $f \equiv 0$ for some constant $C$ which a priori '''blows up as $s_2 \to 2$''' <ref name="BBCK"/>.

It is conceivable that a Harnack inequality for Dirichlet forms can be proved for an equation with fixed order, with constants that do not blow up as the order goes to two, using the ideas from the Holder estimates<ref name="K"/>.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="S">{{Citation | last1=Silvestre | first1=Luis | title=Hölder estimates for solutions of integro-differential equations like the fractional Laplace | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1512/iumj.2006.55.2706 | doi=10.1512/iumj.2006.55.2706 | year=2006 | journal=Indiana University Mathematics Journal | issn=0022-2518 | volume=55 | issue=3 | pages=1155–1174}}</ref>
<ref name="CS">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20274 | doi=10.1002/cpa.20274 | year=2009 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=62 | issue=5 | pages=597–638}}</ref>
<ref name="BK">{{Citation | last1=Bass | first1=Richard F. | last2=Kassmann | first2=Moritz | title=Harnack inequalities for non-local operators of variable order | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03549-4 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03549-4 | year=2005 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=357 | issue=2 | pages=837–850}}</ref>
<ref name="BL">{{Citation | last1=Bass | first1=Richard F. | last2=Levin | first2=David A. | title=Harnack inequalities for jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016378210944 | doi=10.1023/A:1016378210944 | year=2002 | journal=Potential Analysis. An International Journal Devoted to the Interactions between Potential Theory, Probability Theory, Geometry and Functional Analysis | issn=0926-2601 | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=375–388}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCK">{{Citation | last1=Barlow | first1=Martin T. | last2=Bass | first2=Richard F. | last3=Chen | first3=Zhen-Qing | last4=Kassmann | first4=Moritz | title=Non-local Dirichlet forms and symmetric jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | year=2009 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=361 | issue=4 | pages=1963–1999}}</ref>
<ref name="K">{{Citation | last1=Kassmann | first1=Moritz | title=A priori estimates for integro-differential operators with measurable kernels | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | doi=10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | year=2009 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | issn=0944-2669 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–21}}</ref>
}}

Harnack inequality

2011-05-25T22:13:06Z

128.135.72.62: Created page with "$$ \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} $$ The Harnack inequality refers to a control of the maximum of a nonnegative solution of an equation by its minimum...."

$$
\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
$$

The Harnack inequality refers to a control of the maximum of a nonnegative solution of an equation by its minimum. Unlike the [[Harnack inequality (local)|local case]], for nonlocal equations one needs to assume that the function is nonnegative in the full space.

The Harnack inequality is tightly related to [[Holder estimates]]. Whenever one holds, the other is expected to hold as well, either as a direct consequence or by applying the same proof method.

The result can hold either in the parabolic or elliptic setting. The parabolic Harnack inequality trivially implies the elliptic one. The reverse implication is not valid, and the proof in the parabolic case may have some extra difficulties compared to the elliptic case.

== Elliptic case ==

In the elliptic setting, the Harnack inequality refers to the following type of result: if a function $u: \R^n \to \R$ satisfies an elliptic equation $ L_x u (x) = f(x)$ in the unit ball $B_1$ and is nonnegative in the full space $\R^n$, then
\[ \sup_{B_{1/2}} u \leq C \left( \inf_{B_{1/2}} u + ||f|| \right). \]

The norm $||f||$ may depends on the type of equation.

== Parabolic case ==

In the parabolic setting, the Harnack inequality refers to the following type of result: if a function $u: [-1,0] \times \R^n \to \R$ satisfies an elliptic equation $ u_t - L_x u (x) = f(x)$ in the unit cylinder $(-1,0) \times B_1$ and is nonnegative in the full space $[-1,0] \times \R^n$, then
\[ \sup_{[-1/2,-1/4] \times B_{1/2}} u \leq \left(\inf_{[-1/4,0] \times B_{1/2}} u + ||f|| \right). \]

The norm $||f||$ may depend on the type of equation.

== Concrete examples ==

The Harnack inequality as above is known to hold in the following situations.

* '''Generalizad elliptic [[Krylov-Safonov]]'''. If $L_x u(x)$ is a symmetric integro-differential operator of the form
\[ L_x u(x) = \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)-u(x)) K(x,y) \dd y \]
with $K$ symmetric ($K(x,y)=K(x,-y)$) and uniformly elliptic of order $s$: $(2-s)\lambda |y|^{-n-s} \leq K(x,y) \leq (2-s) \Lambda |y|^{-n-s}$.

In this case the elliptic Harnack inequality is known to hold with a constant $C$ which '''does not blow up as $s\to 2$''', and $||f||$ refers to $||f||_{L^\infty(B_1)}$ <ref name="CS"/>. It is a generalization of [[Krylov-Safonov]] theorem. The corresponding parabolic Harnack inequality with a uniform constant $C$ is not known.

* '''Elliptic equations with variable order (but strictly less than 2)'''. If $L_x u(x)$ is an integro-differential operator of the form
\[ L_x u(x) = \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)-u(x)- y \cdot \nabla u(x) \chi_{B_1}(y)) K(x,y) \dd y \]
with uniformly elliptic of variable order: $\lambda |y|^{-n-s_1} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |y|^{-n-s_2}$ and $0<s_1 < s_2 < 2$ and $s_2 - s_1 < 1$, then
the elliptic Harnack inequality holds if $f \equiv 0$<ref name="BK"/>. The constants in this result blow up as $s_2 \to 2$, so it does not generalize [[Krylov-Safonov]] theorem. The proof uses probability and was based on a previous result with fixed order <ref name="BL"/>.

It is conceivable that a purely analytic proof could be done using the method of the corresponding [[Holder estimate]] <ref name="S"/>, but such proof has never been done.

* '''Gradient flows of symmetric Dirichlet forms with variable order'''. If $u_t - L_x u(x)=0$ is the gradient flow of a [[Dirichlet form]]:
\[ \iint_{\R^n \times \R^n} (u(y)-u(x))^2 k(x,y)\,dy. \]
for kernels $K$ such that $K(x,y)=K(y,x)$ and $\lambda |x-y|^{-n-s_1} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda |x-y|^{-n-s_2}$ for some $0<s_1<s_2<2$ and $|x-y|$ sufficiently small. Then the parabolic Harnack inequality holds if $f \equiv 0$ for some constant $C$ which a priori '''blows up as $s_2 \to 2$''' <ref name="BBCK"/>.

It is conceivable that a Harnack inequality for Dirichlet forms can be proved for an equation with fixed order, with constants that do not blow up as the order goes to two, using the ideas from the Holder estimates<ref name="K"/>.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="S">{{Citation | last1=Silvestre | first1=Luis | title=Hölder estimates for solutions of integro-differential equations like the fractional Laplace | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1512/iumj.2006.55.2706 | doi=10.1512/iumj.2006.55.2706 | year=2006 | journal=Indiana University Mathematics Journal | issn=0022-2518 | volume=55 | issue=3 | pages=1155–1174}}</ref>
<ref name="CS">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20274 | doi=10.1002/cpa.20274 | year=2009 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=62 | issue=5 | pages=597–638}}</ref>
<ref name="BK">{{Citation | last1=Bass | first1=Richard F. | last2=Kassmann | first2=Moritz | title=Harnack inequalities for non-local operators of variable order | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03549-4 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-04-03549-4 | year=2005 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=357 | issue=2 | pages=837–850}}</ref>
<ref name="BL">{{Citation | last1=Bass | first1=Richard F. | last2=Levin | first2=David A. | title=Harnack inequalities for jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016378210944 | doi=10.1023/A:1016378210944 | year=2002 | journal=Potential Analysis. An International Journal Devoted to the Interactions between Potential Theory, Probability Theory, Geometry and Functional Analysis | issn=0926-2601 | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=375–388}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCK">{{Citation | last1=Barlow | first1=Martin T. | last2=Bass | first2=Richard F. | last3=Chen | first3=Zhen-Qing | last4=Kassmann | first4=Moritz | title=Non-local Dirichlet forms and symmetric jump processes | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | doi=10.1090/S0002-9947-08-04544-3 | year=2009 | journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9947 | volume=361 | issue=4 | pages=1963–1999}}</ref>
<ref name="K">{{Citation | last1=Kassmann | first1=Moritz | title=A priori estimates for integro-differential operators with measurable kernels | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | doi=10.1007/s00526-008-0173-6 | year=2009 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | issn=0944-2669 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=1–21}}</ref>
}}