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#### Integration by Parts

Integration by Parts
Examples
Integration by Parts with a definite integral
Going in Circles

#### Integrals of Trig Functions

Antiderivatives of Basic Trigonometric Functions
Product of Sines and Cosines (mixed even and odd powers or only odd powers)
Product of Sines and Cosines (only even powers)
Product of Secants and Tangents
Other Cases

#### Trig Substitutions

How Trig Substitution Works
Summary of trig substitution options
Examples
Completing the Square

#### Partial Fractions

Introduction to Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Improper Rational Functions and Long Division
Summary

#### Strategies of Integration

Substitution
Integration by Parts
Trig Integrals
Trig Substitutions
Partial Fractions

#### Improper Integrals

Type 1 - Improper Integrals with Infinite Intervals of Integration
Type 2 - Improper Integrals with Discontinuous Integrands
Comparison Tests for Convergence

#### Modeling with Differential Equations

Introduction
Separable Equations
A Second Order Problem

#### Euler's Method and Direction Fields

Direction Fields
Euler's method revisited

#### Separable Equations

The Simplest Differential Equations
Separable differential equations
Mixing and Dilution

#### Models of Growth

Exponential Growth and Decay
The Zombie Apocalypse (Logistic Growth)

#### Linear Equations

Linear ODEs: Working an Example
The Solution in General
Saving for Retirement

#### Parametrized Curves

Three kinds of functions, three kinds of curves
The Cycloid
Visualizing Parametrized Curves
Tracing Circles and Ellipses
Lissajous Figures

#### Calculus with Parametrized Curves

Video: Slope and Area
Video: Arclength and Surface Area
Summary and Simplifications
Higher Derivatives

#### Polar Coordinates

Definitions of Polar Coordinates
Graphing polar functions
Video: Computing Slopes of Tangent Lines

#### Areas and Lengths of Polar Curves

Area Inside a Polar Curve
Area Between Polar Curves
Arc Length of Polar Curves

#### Conic sections

Slicing a Cone
Ellipses
Hyperbolas
Parabolas and Directrices
Shifting the Center by Completing the Square

#### Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates

Foci and Directrices
Visualizing Eccentricity
Astronomy and Equations in Polar Coordinates

#### Infinite Sequences

Examples of Infinite Sequences
Limit Laws for Sequences
Theorems for and Examples of Computing Limits of Sequences
Monotonic Covergence

#### Infinite Series

Introduction
Geometric Series
Limit Laws for Series
Test for Divergence and Other Theorems
Telescoping Sums

#### Integral Test

Preview of Coming Attractions
The Integral Test
Estimates for the Value of the Series

#### Comparison Tests

The Basic Comparison Test
The Limit Comparison Test

#### Convergence of Series with Negative Terms

Introduction, Alternating Series,and the AS Test
Absolute Convergence
Rearrangements

The Ratio Test
The Root Test
Examples

#### Strategies for testing Series

Strategy to Test Series and a Review of Tests
Examples, Part 1
Examples, Part 2

#### Power Series

Finding the Interval of Convergence
Power Series Centered at $x=a$

#### Representing Functions as Power Series

Functions as Power Series
Derivatives and Integrals of Power Series
Applications and Examples

#### Taylor and Maclaurin Series

The Formula for Taylor Series
Taylor Series for Common Functions
Adding, Multiplying, and Dividing Power Series
Miscellaneous Useful Facts

#### Applications of Taylor Polynomials

Taylor Polynomials
When Functions Are Equal to Their Taylor Series
When a Function Does Not Equal Its Taylor Series
Other Uses of Taylor Polynomials

#### Functions of 2 and 3 variables

Functions of several variables
Limits and continuity

#### Partial Derivatives

One variable at a time (yet again)
Definitions and Examples
An Example from DNA
Geometry of partial derivatives
Higher Derivatives
Differentials and Taylor Expansions

#### Differentiability and the Chain Rule

Differentiability
The First Case of the Chain Rule
Chain Rule, General Case
Video: Worked problems

#### Multiple Integrals

General Setup and Review of 1D Integrals
What is a Double Integral?
Volumes as Double Integrals

#### Iterated Integrals over Rectangles

How To Compute Iterated Integrals
Examples of Iterated Integrals
Fubini's Theorem
Summary and an Important Example

#### Double Integrals over General Regions

Type I and Type II regions
Examples 1-4
Examples 5-7
Swapping the Order of Integration
Area and Volume Revisited

#### Double integrals in polar coordinates

dA = r dr (d theta)
Examples

#### Multiple integrals in physics

Double integrals in physics
Triple integrals in physics

#### Integrals in Probability and Statistics

Single integrals in probability
Double integrals in probability

#### Change of Variables

Review: Change of variables in 1 dimension
Mappings in 2 dimensions
Jacobians
Examples
Bonus: Cylindrical and spherical coordinates

### The Ratio Test

Let $\sum a_n$ be a series.  The Ratio Test involves looking at $$\displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}}$$ to see how a series behaves in the long run.  As $n$ goes to infinity, this ratio measures how much smaller the value of $a_{n+1}$ is, as compared to the previous term $a_n$, to see how much the terms are decreasing (in absolute value).  If this limit is greater than 1, then for all values of $n$ past a certain point, the ratio $\frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}>1$, which would indicate that the series is no longer decreasing.  On the other hand, if this limit is less than 1, the series converges absolutely.

 The Ratio Test:  Suppose that $$\displaystyle{\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}} = L.$$ If $L < 1$, then $\sum a_n$ converges absolutely. If $L > 1$, or the limit goes to $\infty$, then $\sum a_n$ diverges. If $L=1$ or if $L$ does not exist, then this test is inconclusive, and we must do more work.  We say the Ratio Test fails if $L=1$

Notice that the Ratio Test considers the ratio of the absolute values of the terms.  As you might expect, the Ratio Test thus gives us information about whether the series $\sum a_n$ converges absolutely

Warning:  There are examples with $L=1$ that converge absolutely, examples that converge conditionally, and examples that diverge.  DO:  Apply the Ratio Test to 1) the absolutely convergent series $\sum\frac{1}{n^2}$, 2) the conditionally convergent series $\sum-\frac{1}{n}$, and 3) the divergent series $\sum\frac{1}{n}$.
1)  As $n\to\infty$, $\displaystyle\frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}=\frac{\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}}{\frac{1}{n^2}}=\frac{n^2}{(n+1)^2}\longrightarrow 1$.
2) As $n\to\infty$,  $\displaystyle\frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}=\frac{\frac{1}{n+1}}{\frac{1}{n}}=\frac{n}{n+1}\longrightarrow 1$.
3) As $n\to\infty$,  $\displaystyle\frac{\left|a_{n+1}\right|}{\left|a_n\right|}=\frac{\frac{1}{n+1}}{\frac{1}{n}}=\frac{n}{n+1}\longrightarrow 1$.
We used other tests to determine the convergence/divergence of these series - the Ratio Test fails to help us with these series.

DO:  The only way a series could be conditionally convergent is if the Ratio Test fails for that series.  Why?

#### Review of simiplification

As you work through this module, you must be able to work with ratios of factorials as well as ratio of powers.  Recall that $n!=1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdots(n-1)\cdot n$.  DO:  Simplify $\frac{(n+1)!}{n!}$.

$\frac{(n+1)!}{n!}=\frac{1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdots(n-1)\cdot n\cdot (n+1)}{1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdots(n-1)\cdot n}=n+1$ after all the cancellation.

DO:  Simplify $\displaystyle\frac{\frac{50^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}}{\frac{50^n}{n!}}$

$\displaystyle\frac{\frac{50^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}}{\frac{50^n}{n!}}=\frac{50^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}\cdot\frac{n!}{50^n}=\frac{50^{n+1}}{50^n}\cdot\frac{n!}{(n+1)!}=50\cdot\frac{1}{n+1}=\frac{50}{n+1}$

A couple of worked out examples of the Ratio Test are contained in the video, as well as the ideas of why the Ratio Test works.